trunk muscles  (Biodex Medical)

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: Elephant trunk tip musculature reflects species differences in grasping behavior

doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-08998-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Volume rendering of L. africana hemi-trunk tip with muscle fascicles colored according to muscle fascicle types. D, dorsal; dis, distal. Scale bar, 20 mm. b Volume rendering of classified muscle fascicles in L. africana hemi-trunk tip. Schematics show orientation of muscle fascicle types. Scale bar, 20 mm. c Volume rendering of E. maximus hemi-trunk tip with muscle fascicles colored according to muscle fascicle types. Conventions as in ( a ). d Volume rendering of classified muscle fascicles in E. maximus hemi-trunk tip. Conventions as in ( b ).

Article Snippet: Labeling of trunk tip muscle fascicles was performed in the Amira Software (AmiraZIBEdition 2023, 2024, 2025 Zuse Institute Berlin).

Techniques:

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: Elephant trunk tip musculature reflects species differences in grasping behavior

doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-08998-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Five transverse cross-sections of L. africana trunk tip with classified muscle fascicle segmentations overlayed. Schematics show where the respective cross-sections were taken. b Ratio of muscle types for L. africana trunk tip for five cross-sections. Total percentage of muscle types for all five slices in white letters. c Five transverse cross-sections of E. maximus trunk tip with classified muscle fascicle segmentations overlayed. Schematic shows where the respective cross-section was taken. d Ratio of muscle types for E. maximus trunk tips for five cross-sections. Total percentage of muscle types for all five slices in white letters. Scale bars ( a , c ), 20 mm.

Article Snippet: Labeling of trunk tip muscle fascicles was performed in the Amira Software (AmiraZIBEdition 2023, 2024, 2025 Zuse Institute Berlin).

Techniques:

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: Elephant trunk tip musculature reflects species differences in grasping behavior

doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-08998-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Lateral view of volume rendering of longitudinal and radial muscle fascicles in L. africana trunk tip (Indra). b Close-up of cross-hatched longitudinal muscle fascicles on lateral side of L. africana trunk tip. c Ventral (left) and dorsal (right) view of volume rendering of longitudinal and radial muscle fascicles in L. africana trunk tip (Indra). d Lateral view of volume rendering of longitudinal and radial muscle fascicles in E. maximus trunk tip (Schoepfi). e Close-up of cross-hatched longitudinal muscle fascicles on lateral side of E. maximus trunk tip . f Ventral (left) and dorsal (right) view of volume rendering of longitudinal and radial muscle fascicles in E. maximus trunk tip (Schoepfi). Scale bars in all panels, 10 mm.

Article Snippet: Labeling of trunk tip muscle fascicles was performed in the Amira Software (AmiraZIBEdition 2023, 2024, 2025 Zuse Institute Berlin).

Techniques:

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: Elephant trunk tip musculature reflects species differences in grasping behavior

doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-08998-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a E. maximus clamps corn cob between trunk and ventral bulb. Credit: Lena Kaufmann. b Close-up of E. maximus trunk tip. The corn cob is clamped between the ventral side of the trunk and the ventral bulb of the trunk tip. c Lateral view of volume rendering of E. maximus trunk tip. Arrow indicates grove of ventral bulb. d Ventral view of volume rendering of E. maximus trunk tip. e Lateral cross-section of E. maximus trunk tip. Longitudinal muscle fascicles on dorsal side (blue), converging longitudinal muscle fascicles (green), and radial muscle fascicles (red). Schematic shows where the respective cross-section was taken. Arrow indicates grove of ventral bulb. f Left, schematic of lateral cross-section of E. maximus trunk tip in relaxed state. Right, retracted state. When converging longitudinal (green) and radial (red) muscle fascicles in the ventral bulb contract, the ventral bulb elongates and retracts to the proximal direction of the trunk. g Lateral cross-section of L. africana trunk tip. Longitudinal muscle fascicles (blue) run parallel to the long-axis of the trunk tip. Radial muscle fascicles (red) intersect the longitudinal muscle fascicles. h Left, schematic of lateral cross-section of L. africana trunk tip in relaxed state. Right, Pinched state. When longitudinal (blue) and radial (red) muscle fascicles (red) in the ventral bulb contract, the ventral bulb elongates and retracts to the proximal direction of the trunk. V, ventral; dis, distal; lat, lateral. Scale bars ( c , d , e , g ), 10 mm.

Article Snippet: Labeling of trunk tip muscle fascicles was performed in the Amira Software (AmiraZIBEdition 2023, 2024, 2025 Zuse Institute Berlin).

Techniques: